Hi Marty,
On 01 Jul 2009, at 18:57, m.a. wrote:
> Hi Bruno,
> I'm responding to the quiz (see below). What does
> "high non booleanity" mean in the context of para.2?
>
We will need more math for the details, but "boolean" refer to
classical or even platonist logic, when applied in a frame where we
can agree that propositions are either true or false.Like arithmetic:
you surely agree that a postive integer is either even, or not even.
Classical logic is the one used implicitly or explicitly in most
"scientific" discourses, especially in (classical) mathematics.
"Boolean" comes from Boole who wrote a book "The laws of thought", and
which plays some role in the birth of mathematical logic and computer
science. But classical logic has a very long story, both in East and
West.
> >
> > Example-exercise:
> >
> > 1°) Let A be the set {0, 1, 2, 3}. ("A" is said to be a local name
> for
> > the set {0, 1, 2, 3}. And local means that such a name is used in a
> > local context. One paragraph later "A" could designed another, so be
> > careful). If "A" names {0, 1, 2, 3}, we will write "A = {0, 1, 2,
> 3}".
> >
> > OK, so with A = {0, 1, 2, 3}. Which of the following propositions
> are
> > true
> >
> > 1) the number 2 is a member of A True
OK.
>
> > 2) the number 12 is a member of A False
OK.
>
> > 3) the number 12 is not a member of A True
OK.
>
> > 4) (3 BELONGS-TO A) True: but you haven't told us whether the
> parenthesis cancels the locality of brackets.
OK.
You can suppress anything in the notations as far as you, and those
who will read the text, can figure out what you mean. Here I could
have simply
4) 03 BELONGS-TO A.
>
> > 5) all members of A are numbers True
OK.
>
> > 6) one element of A is not a number False: we've established that
> zero is a number.
OK. (I am not sure that we have established that, nor even what you
mean by "established", but we surely welcome 00 in the numbers. Note
that in the beginning 0 was rejected. And both the numbers 01 and 2
takes time to be accepted as number, for the reason that "number"
means originally numerous. The "num" of "numerous" has the same origin
as "number".
>
> > 7) A can be defined in intension in the following way A = {x SUCH-
> THAT
> > x is a positive integer little than 4} True...if zero is
> considered a positive integer.
OK.
>
> >
> > 2°) Same questions with the set A = {0, 1, 2, 3, ... , 61, 62, 63}
> 1. True
> 2. True
> 3. False
> 4. True: same question as 04 above.
> 5. True
> 6. False: zero is a number
> 7. False
OK.
OK.
OK.
OK.
OK.
OK.
OK.
Very good. A "sans faute" we would say in french. In cyclism, you
would be suspected taking drug! Bravo!
next lesson: (but take your time)
Could you tell me if you understand and/or remember those definitions
(where a and b denoting arbitrary sets):
(a INTERSECTION b) = {x SUCH-THAT (x BELONGS-TO a) and (x BELONGS-TO b)}
(a UNION b) = {x SUCH THAT (x BELONGS-TO a) or (x BELONGS-TO b)}
Can you compute
{1, 2, 7, 789} UNION {1, 2, 7, 5678} = ?
{1, 2, 7, 789} INTERSECTION {1, 2, 7, 5678} = ?
Do you remember the empty set? Can you compute:
{1, 2} UNION { } = ?
{1} UNION { } = ?
{1, 2, 3} UNION {1, 2, 3} = ?
{ } UNION { } = ?
{1, 2} INTERSECTION { } = ?
{1} INTERSECTION { } = ?
{1, 2, 3} INTERSECTION {1, 2, 3} = ?
{ } INTERSECTION { } = ?
Now, an important distinction which will follow us through ...
forever. I suggest you read attentively the next two paragraphs two
times before breakfast, every day for one week. :), Really take all
your time. It concerns the notion of operation, and relation.
INTERSECTION and UNION, are operations on sets, like addition (+, or
PLUS) and multiplication (*, or TIMES) are operation on numbers. This
means, typically, that, if x and y denote numbers, then x + y, and x *
y, will denote, or are equal to, numbers. For example 3 + 4 is equal
to 7.
Similarly, if x and y denotes, or are equal, to sets, then x
INTERSECTION y denotes, or is equal to, some set. For example {1,2}
INTERSECTION {2, 7} is equal to some set, actually the set {2}. OK?
Operations are important, as you can guess, but relations are as well
important. Operations lead to new elements, new objects. From the
numbers 2 and 3, you get the element 5. Relations pertains or does not
pertain, or equivalently, leads to true or false.
Example. The relation LESS-THAN, among the numbers. (x LESS-THAN y) is
true if x is less than y. So (3 LESS-THAN 56) is true, and (56 LESS-
THAN 3) is false. An important relation pertaining on sets is the
relation of inclusion, or of being a subset of a set.
By definition a set x will be said included in y (or be said subset of
y), when all the elements of x are among the elements of y. We will
write (x INCLUDED-IN y) when the set x is included in the set y.
For example, the set {1, 2} is included in the set {3, 2, 1}, but is
not included in the set {3, 1}.
Exercise: in the following, what is true or false?
45 LESS-THAN 67
0 LESS-THAN 1
999 LESS-THAN 4
{1, 2, 3} INCLUDED-IN {4, 1, 5, 2, 3, 8}
{1} INCLUDED-IN {1, 2}
oops, I must go. You are lucky ;)
Bruno
http://iridia.ulb.ac.be/~marchal/
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Received on Thu Jul 02 2009 - 16:34:18 PDT