Title: Philipp Dettmer Immune book
Tags: dettmer-immune-book immunology

Front: names for the two broad types of immune systems
Back: innate and adaptive
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 4.
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Section: Chapter 4

Front: the type of immune system that is like a large library
Back: adaptive immune system
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 4.
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Section: Chapter 4

Front: the type of immune system that is ready as soon as you are born
Back: innate immune system
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 4.
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Section: Chapter 4

Front: the type of immune system that is highly specific to which invaders are invading
Back: adaptive immune system
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 4.
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Section: Chapter 4

Front: the type of immune system that is the first line of defense
Back: innate immune system
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 4.
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Section: Chapter 4

Front: the innate immune system is non-specific, but it can still do what?
Back: distinguish self from other
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 4.
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Section: Chapter 4

Front: What are lamellar bodies?
Back: tiny sacs in skin cells that squirt out fat that helps to coat/waterproof the skin cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 6.
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Section: Chapter 6

Front: which immune cell is like an intelligence officer at the battle scene collecting samples of the dead enemies?
Back: dendritic cell
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 7.
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Section: Chapter 7

Front: which immune cell is like a raging rhino that arrives first at the scene and stamps on the bad bunnies (aka bacteria)?
Back: macrophage
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 7.
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Section: Chapter 7

Front: What are the skin cells closest to your body (furthest from the outside world) called?
Back: basal cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 6.
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Section: Chapter 6

Front: Are the top-most skin cells dead or alive?
Back: dead
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 6.
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Section: Chapter 6

Front: Are the top-most skin cells alive or dead?
Back: dead
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 6.
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Section: Chapter 6

Front: Is the skin acidic or basic?
Back: acidic
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 6.
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Section: Chapter 6

Front: Is the skin basic or acidic?
Back: acidic
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 6.
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Section: Chapter 6

Front: Why are viral infections of the skin relatively rare, compared to bacterial and fungal skin infections?
Back: Viruses require a living host to infect (and the top-most skin cells are dead)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 6.
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Section: Chapter 6

Front: How are cytokines introduced in the Immune book?
Back: they are small proteins that convey information, or
as the way immune cells communicate
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 10.
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Section: Chapter 10

Front: If cells cannot see or hear, what sense do they use to communicate?
Back: smelling
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 10.
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Section: Chapter 10

Front: _ are the language of your immune cells
Back: cytokines
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 10.
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Section: Chapter 10

Front: cytokines are the _ of your immune cells
Back: language
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 10.
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Section: Chapter 10

Front: cytokines are p[...]
Back: proteins
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 10.
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Section: Chapter 10

Front: If cytokines are the smell particles, what are the noses called?
Back: receptors (on your cell surfaces)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 10.
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Section: Chapter 10

Front: What do cells "smell" to know where to go?
Back: cytokines
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 10.
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Section: Chapter 10

Front: Toll-Like Receptors are present in which of the two immune systems?
Back: Both!
Notes: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-like_receptor#Function -- the book doesn't talk about this at this point, but Wikipedia says both types have it
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 11.
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Section: Chapter 11

Front: What's an example of something that Toll-Like Receptors can detect in bacteria?
Back: flagella (the tentacle-propeller things that bacteria have)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 11.
image source: https://biologos.org/articles/bacterial-flagellum-irreducibly-complex
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Section: Chapter 11

Front: How does the innate immune system recognize bacteria?
Back: the receptors on innate immune system cells can recognize "hallmark" proteins/structures on bacteria that all/most bacteria have (e.g. flagella and certain waste products bacteria emit)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 11.
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Section: Chapter 11

Front: What's an example of a structure not present on any human cells, but present on bacteria, that is used by the immune system to identify an "other" cell?
Back: flagellum
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 11.
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Section: Chapter 11

Front: What is one of the types of receptors that the innate immune system uses to identify "other" cells?
Back: Toll-like receptor
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 11.
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Section: Chapter 11

Front: technical term for controlled cell suicide
Back: apoptosis
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 8.
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Section: Chapter 8

Front: type of cell that is like a garbage truck
Back: macrophage
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 8.
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Section: Chapter 8

Front: which type of cell is the "crazy suicidal Spartan warrior of the immune system"?
Back: neutrophil
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 8.
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Section: Chapter 8

Front: About how many bacteria can a macrophage phagocytose in its lifetime?
Back: up to 100
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 8.
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Section: Chapter 8

Front: What material does a neutrophil use to "cast a net" around itself as a defense against pathogens?
Back: Its own DNA
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 8.
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Section: Chapter 8

Front: Name at least two of the five characteristics of inflammation
Back: Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 9.
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Section: Chapter 9

Front: Why can free-floating mitochondria trigger inflammatory reactions in the body?
Back: The immune system still remembers mitochondria as bacteria (because once upon a time mitochondria were probably ancient bacteria that merged with ancestors of our cells)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 9.
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Section: Chapter 9

Front: How is C3a different from cytokines?
Back: C3a is passively generated by a splitting C3 complement protein, while cytokines are generated by cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 12.
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Section: Chapter 12

Front: How is C3a similar to cytokines?
Back: they both function as alarm bells that call immune cells like macrophages to the site of a pathogen
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 12.
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Section: Chapter 12

Front: Which parts of the immune system are like flies covering the bacteria's skin?
Back: complement system/complement proteins (in particular, C3b) and antibodies
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 12.
note: antibodies are only introduced in Chapter 15, and then fully explained in Chapter 23
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Section: Chapter 23

Front: What happens during opsonization?
Back: a bacterium gets covered in complement proteins or antibodies
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 12.
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Section: Chapter 12

Front: What Japanese word should I think of when I see the Greek word "opson"?
Back: okazu
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 12.
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Section: Chapter 12

Front: Which part of the C3 complement protein anchors onto invading bacteria?
Back: C3b
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 12.
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Section: Chapter 12

Front: Which part of the C3 complement protein signals to macrophages and neutrophils to come to the site of infection?
Back: C3a
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 12.
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Section: Chapter 12

Front: What is the charge of the membranes of cells and bacteria?
Back: negative
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 12.
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Section: Chapter 12

Front: What is the charge of complement proteins?
Back: positive
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 12.
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Section: Chapter 12

Front: What signal do macrophages use to signal to neutrophils to come to the site of infection? (generic term)
Back: cytokines
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 12.
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Section: Chapter 12

Front: What does the process opsonization refer to?
Back: Complement proteins (or sometimes other things as well, like antibodies) attaching to an invading bacteria or virus and making it easier for macrophages and neutrophils to grab on to
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 12.
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Section: Chapter 12

Front: What does the membrane attack complex refer to?
Back: A large structure built of complement proteins used to pierce invader cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 12.
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Section: Chapter 12

Front: Which cell's job is it to activate the adaptive immune system?
Back: Dendritic cell
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 13.
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Section: Chapter 13

Front: Which cell is like a wine connoisseur?
Back: Dendritic cell
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 13.
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Section: Chapter 13

Front: The dendritic cell is like a _ connoisseur
Back: wine
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 13.
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Section: Chapter 13

Front: When not activated, the dendritic cell keeps [...]ing and spitting
Back: swallowing/sipping
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 13.
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Section: Chapter 13

Front: When not activated, the dendritic cell keeps swallowing and [...]ing
Back: spitting
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 13.
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Section: Chapter 13

Front: How are macrophages and dendritic cells different?
Back: A macrophage just wants to eat up the pathogen and digest it, whereas the dendritic cell is trying to collect samples and identify the type of pathogen
Notes: note: apparently macrophages can also do antigen presentation, but here we're just talking about the typical case.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 13.
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Section: Chapter 13

Front: How are macrophages and dendritic cells similar?
Back: they both perform phagocytosis (grabbing and swallowing things)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 13.
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Section: Chapter 13

Front: Why doesn't the dendritic cell continue to sample while it is in transit to the "intelligence center"?
Back: (1) It would dilute the samples collected on the battlefield; and (2) you wouldn't want to present harmless cells to the adaptive immune system, as that would cause an autoimmune disease
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 13.
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Section: Chapter 13

Front: After the dendritic cell collects enough samples from the battlefield, where does it go to?
Back: a lymph node
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 13.
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Section: Chapter 13

Front: What are considered the "careful sampling connoisseurs" of the immune system?
Back: Dendritic cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 13.
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Section: Chapter 13

Front: Which moves faster, blood vessels or lymphatic vessels?
Back: blood vessels
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: Which moves slower, blood vessels or lymphatic vessels?
Back: lymphatic vessels
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: Name for the fluid transported through the lymphatic system
Back: lymph
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: color of lymph
Back: mostly clear, but yellowish-white at some places of the body
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: What is the real name for what the Immune book calls "immune system intelligence centers"?
Back: lymph nodes
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: Which system transports fat around the body?
Back: the lymphatic system
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: name the lymphoid organ: to[...]
Back: tonsils
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: name the lymphoid organ: th[...]
Back: thymus
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: name the lymphoid organ: s[...]
Back: spleen
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: Roughly how many lymph nodes do you have?
Back: 600
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: Three analogies the Immune book uses for lymph nodes
Back: intelligence center, megacities, dating platforms
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: What can monocytes turn into?
Back: macrophages and dendritic cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: What's the main home for monocytes?
Back: the spleen
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: Which organ is like a huge lymph node that filters your blood?
Back: the spleen
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: lymph fluid : lymph nodes :: blood : ???
Back: spleen
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: What happens if you lose your spleen?
Back: other organs take over its job; (some people have a tiny extra spleen that grows and takes over)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: Which immune system organ is involved in recognizing what kinds of food you eat?
Back: tonsils
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: Why is it not a big deal to remove tonsils in most cases?
Back: (mostly guessing here) Most of the learning by the immune system/tonsils is done when you are young, so as long as you are old enough (7+ years old?) your body has already learned a lot about which foods are safe/what pathogens look like [which is the job of the tonsils]
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: How broadly in the body does the lymphatic system circulate?
Back: The whole body
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: Does the blood circulatory system use an active pump?
Back: Yes (it's the heart!)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: Does the lymph circulatory system use an active pump?
Back: No
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: Can water enter lymph vessels from tissues?
Back: Yes
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: Can water enter tissues from lymph vessels?
Back: No
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: Do your lymph nodes enlarge or shrink when there is an active infection?
Back: enlarge
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: What kind of immune cells are stored in the "barracks" of the spleen?
Back: Monocytes
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: Which two places do the majority of monocytes reside in the body?
Back: The blood circulation and the spleen
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: What is a similarity between the tonsils and the spleen in terms of their indispensability towards survival?
Back: That they are generally good to have structures in the body but are non-essential to immediate survival
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: What other type of substance does the lymphatic system circulate other than immune cells?
Back: Fat (from the intestine and into bloodstream)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 14.
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Section: Chapter 14

Front: antibodies are made from p[...]
Back: proteins
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 15.
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Section: Chapter 15

Front: What can opsonize bacteria, other than complement?
Back: antibodies
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 15.
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Section: Chapter 15

Front: Antibodies are part of which immune system?
Back: adaptive
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 15.
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Section: Chapter 15

Front: Complement proteins are part of which immune system?
Back: innate
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 15.
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Section: Chapter 15

Front: What do Helper T Cells do to macrophages?
Back: tell macrophages to keep fighting
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 15.
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Section: Chapter 15

Front: Helper T Cells are part of which immune system?
Back: adaptive
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 15.
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Section: Chapter 15

Front: name of the type of cell that jolts tired macrophages back to life
Back: helper T cell
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 15.
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Section: Chapter 15

Front: Do helper T cells show up at the beginning or end of a "battle" induced by a pathogen?
Back: End
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 15.
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Section: Chapter 15

Front: Do macrophages show up at the beginning or end of a "battle" induced by a pathogen?
Back: Beginning
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 15.
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Section: Chapter 15

Front: Do neutrophils show up at the beginning or end of a "battle" induced by a pathogen?
Back: Beginning
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 15.
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Section: Chapter 15

Front: Do antibodies show up at the beginning or end of a "battle" induced by a pathogen?
Back: End
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 15.
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Section: Chapter 15

Front: Are antibodies specific to the identity of the pathogen?
Back: Yes
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 15.
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Section: Chapter 15

Front: Are complement proteins specific to the identity of the pathogen?
Back: No
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 15.
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Section: Chapter 15

Front: Are antibodies made by the adaptive or innate immune system?
Back: Adaptive
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 15.
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Section: Chapter 15

Front: Are cytokines made by the adaptive or innate immune system?
Back: Both systems create cytokines
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 15.
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Section: Chapter 15

Front: Which two classes of proteins opsonize pathogens?
Back: Complement proteins and antibodies
Notes: (These were the only two classes of opsonizing proteins mentioned in the book. However, there may be more that weren't covered in the book.)
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 15, 23.
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Section: Chapter 23

Front: Which immune cells clean up dead neutrophils?
Back: Macrophages
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 15.
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Section: Chapter 15

Front: What does the speed with which bacteria multiply mean about its ability to adapt?
Back: it adapts faster/evolves faster (compared to humans/larger organisms)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 16.
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Section: Chapter 16

Front: How does the Immune book explain why the adaptive immune system is necessary?
Back: bacteria evolve much faster than humans do, so some separate way to deal with the rapidly-changing array of new pathogens is needed
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 16.
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Section: Chapter 16

Front: Are Toll-Like Receptors present in the innate immune system?
Back: Yes
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 17.
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Section: Chapter 17

Front: Are Toll-Like Receptors present in the adaptive immune system?
Back: Yes
Notes: The Immune book doesn't really talk about this, but Wikipedia says adaptive immune cells have them too https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-like_receptor#Function
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 17.
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Section: Chapter 17

Front: name for a protein piece that is recognized by the immune system
Back: antigen
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 17.
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Section: Chapter 17

Front: antibodies vs antigens: which ones attack invading bacteria?
Back: antibodies
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 17.
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Section: Chapter 17

Front: antibodies vs antigens: which ones are made from protein?
Back: both
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 17.
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Section: Chapter 17

Front: antibodies vs antigens: which ones can belong to bacteria?
Back: antigens
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 17.
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Section: Chapter 17

Front: An antibody belongs to whom?
Back: your body('s immune system)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 17.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 17

Front: An antigen belongs to whom?
Back: the pathogen (but can also exist on normal cells and cancer cells)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 17.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 17

Front: What are the three criteria T cells need to pass to graduate and ultimately survive the "university" of the thymus gland?
Back: 1) functional T cell receptors
2) positive selection
3) negative selection
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 18.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 18

Front: How many stages do T cells need to pass to graduate and ultimately survive the "university" of the thymus?
Back: 3
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 18.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 18

Front: What is positive selection in the context of T cells?
Back: a test to make sure T cells can recognize the other immune cells they will be working with / to make sure they can recognize and bind to MHC
Notes: note: I think the book is vastly oversimplifying here to make it comprehensible to people with little background (since at this point in the book, MHC has not been introduced yet). But looking at Wikipedia, it seems that what positive selection actually does is to make sure the T cell can bind to MHC (the hot dog bun), so that it can even have a shot at binding to antigens. If a helper T cell can't even bind to the hot dog bun, then there's no shot it can eat wieners of any kind, so would be quite a useless T cell.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 18.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymocyte#Positive_selection_and_lineage_commitment
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 18

Front: What is negative selection in the context of T cells?
Back: a test to make sure T cells are unable to recognize the body's own proteins
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 18.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 18

Front: Where do T cells get their name from?
Back: the thymus
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 18.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 18

Front: Where are T cells educated/trained?
Back: the thymus
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 18.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 18

Front: T cells are part of which immune system?
Back: adaptive
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 18.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 18

Front: Which organ does the Immune book call the Murder University?
Back: the thymus
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 18.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 18

Front: How many different kinds of antigens can a newly created T cell recognize?
Back: one
Notes: note: It's revealed later in the book that each T cell is actually very good at recognizing one antigen, but is okay at recognizing several others.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 18.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 18

Front: name for the class of diseases where the adaptive immune system attacks your own body's cells thinking they are other
Back: autoimmune diseases
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 18.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 18

Front: Name for the "test" that T cells go through to see if they can recognize the other T cells they will be working with
Back: positive selection
Notes: note: apparently the book's definition of positive selection is not what is described in other sources (something to do with MHC, which is only covered in the next chapter)
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 18.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 18

Front: Name for the "test" that T Cells go through to see if they can recognize the main proteins inside your body
Back: negative selection
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 18.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 18

Front: Name of the type of T cell that has the purpose of calming the immune system down and prevent autoimmunity
Back: Regulatory T cell
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 18.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 18

Front: How are the tonsils and the thymus similar? (aging)
Back: both become less relevant/active as you age
Notes: The tonsils do their crucial work when you are a child, so much so that they can be removed sometimes without complication; the thymus keeps shrinking and withering away as you age (although perhaps it is still crucial/important even in old age)
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 18.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 18

Front: What happens to the thymus as you age?
Back: it shrinks
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 18.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 18

Front: What happens to the T cells that recognize self?
Back: they are killed
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 18.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 18

Front: The dendritic cell is an [...]-presenting cell
Back: antigen
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: The dendritic cell is an antigen-[...] cell
Back: presenting
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: Example of an immune cell that disassembles enemies and covers itself in the enemies' guts
Back: Dendritic cell (also B cells!)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: Food analogy for MHC class II
Back: hot dog bun
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: The real name for the "hot dog bun" molecule
Back: MHC class II
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: The real name for the "hot dog wiener" molecule
Back: antigen
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: Food analogy for antigen (during presentation)
Back: a (tasty) wiener
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: Helper T cells eat a wiener only if what?
Back: the wiener is in a hot dog bun
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: Why is it a good thing that Helper T cells only recognize antigens when they are presented in an MHC class II molecule?
Back: it ensures that the helper T cells don't get activated by accident
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: What does MHC class II stand for?
Back: Major Histocompatibility Complex class II
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: Who does a dendritic cell hope to meet and fall in love with?
Back: a helper T cell
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: After a dendritic cell finds a matching helper T cell, what else needs to happen before the helper T cell gets activated?
Back: a gentle kiss from the dendritic cell to the helper T cell
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: A dendritic cell searches for a matching helper T cell for about a week before it gives up and kills itself. Why is this useful?
Back: it ensures the adaptive immune system isn't acting on old information
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: Why is it a good thing that the genes for MHC molecules are so diverse among humans?
Back: different MHC molecules are good at presenting different antigens, so by having diversity it ensures some human out there can deal with any given pathogen, which means humans as a species are very resistant to being wiped out
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: crucial principle of the immune system: The immune system needs [...] stimulation to stay active
Back: constant
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: Which immune cell samples proteins from an enemy and finds a helper T cell who may have receptors that can bind to the enemy proteins?
Back: Dendritic cell
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: What's an example of an immune cell that ingests and rips apart an enemy and turns it into antigens to be presented on an MHC class II molecule?
Back: Dendritic cell, B cell
Notes: Note: phrasing it as "what's an example of" because there may be other kinds of antigen-presenting immune cells that we haven't encountered yet so far. In particular, aparently macrophages can antigen-present but the book never talked about that.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: Which immune system are helper T cells part of?
Back: Adaptive immune system
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: Are helper T cells able to recognize an antigen if it is presented on an MHC class II molecule?
Back: Yes (as long as the helper T cell has a matching receptor to this particular antigen)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: Are helper T cells able to recognize an antigen that is freely floating around?
Back: No (the antigen must be presented on an MHC class II molecule)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: Where does the dendritic cell travel to in order to find a helper T cell?
Back: (A nearby) lymph node
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: Why are there so many steps to confirm if the adaptive immune system should be activated?
Back: Because activating it can be very resource intensive and possibly kill the organism if too frequently and unnecessarily activated
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: How long does a dendritic cell have to find a helper T cell that matches?
Back: About a week
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: What happens when a dendritic cell's "counter" of a week runs out?
Back: it kills itself
Notes: The dendritic cell kills itself and "wipes clean" the antigen it has so as to not leave outdated information in the immune system
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: Do humans tend to prefer mates with a different set of MHC class II molecules than them?
Back: Yes
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: Do humans tend to prefer mates with the same set of MHC class II molecules than them?
Back: No
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: Nickname for the thymus
Back: Murder University
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 20.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 20

Front: Do helper T cells do any active fighting themselves?
Back: No
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 20.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 20

Front: What happens to the helper T cells that don't suicide after a battle?
Back: They become memory helper T cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 20.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 20

Front: Where do all T cells originate?
Back: Bone marrow
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 20.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 20

Front: What is the term for T cells which are freshly graduated from "Thymus University"?
Back: virgin/naive T cells
Notes: note: "naive T cell" and "virgin T cell" mean the same thing.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 20.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 20

Front: Which T cell subtypes expand in population through recognizing the MHC class II molecule on dendritic cells?
Back: Helper T cells
Notes: I think killer T cells may also do this (with MHC I instead of II), but the book kind of skipped over the details in that later chapter.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 20.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 20

Front: Are killer T cells part of the innate or adaptive immune system?
Back: adaptive
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 20.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 20

Front: Do dendritic cells antigen present to helper T cells?
Back: Yes
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 20.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 20

Front: What occurs after a helper T cell has been "activated" by a dendritic cell?
Back: (The helper T cell travels to a different part of the lymph node and) rapidly clones itself
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 20.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 20

Front: What do helper T cells "sniff" to find their way to the "battlefield" (aka the site of infection)?
Back: Cytokines
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 20.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 20

Front: Which cell type do helper T cells "whisper" to, to boost their fighting capacity?
Back: Macrophages
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 20.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 20

Front: How long does it take for helper T cells to arrive at the site of infection? (starting from when the wound was inflicted)
Back: 5 to 7 days
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 20.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 20

Front: What is the usefulness of memory helper T cells in a subsequent infection of the same pathogen?
Back: They can help the body immediately mount an immune response to the pathogen rather than needing to go circuitously through the innate immune system and dendritic antigen presentation
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 20.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 20

Front: How many groups do cloned Helper T cells divide into?
Back: Two
Notes: One group goes to the battlefield to assist macrophages (and most of which kill themselves while a minority turn into memory helper T cells). The second group activates B cells.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 20.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 20

Front: Where do B cells get their education?
Back: in the bone marrow
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: Where do B cells originate?
Back: bone marrow
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: Which type of cells are the factories that produce antibodies?
Back: B cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: What do B cells produce?
Back: antibodies
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: Which immune system are B cells part of?
Back: Adaptive immune system
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: Which immune system activates B cells?
Back: Both (innate and adaptive)! (B cells require two-factor authentication)
Notes: The innate activation is passive, and happens via complement proteins being attached to dead pathogens coming in via lymph fluid. (From the book: "B Cells do have more direct help from the Innate Immune System. Did you think it was suspicious that we kept mentioning that the bacteria from the battlefield were covered in complement proteins? B Cells cannot just recognize the dead bacteria antigens, they also have special receptors that are able to recognize complement proteins.")
The adaptive activation happens via helper T cells.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: Which immune system activates helper T cells?
Back: innate immune system (specifically, dendritic cells)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: What's the official name for the "the invisible army"?
Back: complement proteins
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: When inflammation happens, fluid floods the battlefield, but this can't go on forever (otherwise your tissue would burst). Where does the excess fluid go?
Back: it drains into your lymphatic system
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: Where do virgin B cells hang out?
Back: (a specific part of) lymph nodes
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: Food analogy for the antigens that B cells can recognize
Back: roasted turkey legs (not highly processed wieners)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: Helper T cells are [picky/not picky] eaters
Back: picky
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: B cells are [picky/not picky] eaters
Back: not picky
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: How do complement proteins interact with B cells?
Back: complement proteins covering dead bacteria confirm to the B cells that there is a real danger/make it a lot easier for B cells to be activated
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: Food analogy for complement proteins on an antigen (for a B cell)
Back: a really nice sauce on the turkey leg, which makes it even tastier to your B cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: Which cell of the adaptive immune system activates the B cells?
Back: Helper T cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: B cells are [...]-presenting cells
Back: antigen
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: Explain this sentence: "technically, the B and T Cells don’t recognize the exact same antigen"
Back: B cells recognize a coarser/"less processed" version of antigen (the turkey drumstick), which it processes down into smaller chunks, and these smaller chunks (the wieners) are what the helper T cells recognize
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: Which adaptive immune cell does antigen-presentation?
Back: B cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: Which innate immune cell does antigen-presentation?
Back: Dendritic cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: Which kind of MHC molecule do B cells use when antigen-presenting?
Back: MHC class II (same as the ones that dendritic cells use)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: Even though B cells require a two-factor activation, even just activation through the innate immune system is enough to do what?
Back: It gets the B cells to produce antibodies that flow down to the battlefield (but these are apparently "second-rate" antibodies)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: What do B cells turn into once they are doubly activated?
Back: Plasma cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: What does the body do with excess fluid?
Back: It drains it into the lymph
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: What is a limitation of the MHC class II molecule?
Back: It can only carry short antigens
Notes: "The antigens that can activate T Cell receptors have to be pretty short because the MHC molecule can only carry short antigens."
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: Which substance bound to a dead pathogen traveling in the lymph, can make it about 100 times easier to activate a virgin B cell?
Back: Complement proteins
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: What are the two paths Helper T cells take after being antigen presented to?
Back: They either travel to the battlefield or they try to activate B cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: What is a similarity between the way virgin B cells and dendritic cells antigen-present to helper T cells? (list one)
Back: Both cells present the antigen on an MHC class II molecule
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: What do plasma B cells do better than virgin B cells?
Back: They secrete way more antibodies per second
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: Where do both Virgin B cells and Helper T cells originate in the body?
Back: Bone marrow
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: For how many antigens is a Virgin B cell and Helper T cell's receptor specific to?
Back: Just one
Notes: note: In reality things are a bit more complicated. The book later goes on to say that T and B cells can actually recognize several antigens, but that it's very good at recognizing one of them.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: What happens to the population of both Helper T cells and Virgin B cells upon antigen presentation?
Back: They clone themselves
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: Virgin B cells get educated in the [...] whereas helper T cells get educated in the [...]
Back: Bone marrow, thymus
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: Which type of cells produce antibodies?
Back: B cells
Notes: note: Plasma cells also produce antibodies, but I think they are considered a subtype of B cell.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: Explain what this sentence means: "Antibodies are basically B Cell receptors."
Back: Antibodies are stuck to the surface of B cells and work as their receptors, but once a B cell is activated tons of new antibodies are created and released so they can attack your enemies
Notes: However, as far as I know, the antibodies that are on the surface of B cells do not detach to start attacking antigens. They're the same as the antibodies that attack, but they're just stuck on the surface acting as receptors. But perhaps I'm wrong about that.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: adaptive immune system: [...] cells pick up larger antigen fragments than [...] cells
Back: (virgin) B, (helper) T
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: adaptive immune system: [...] cells pick up smaller antigen fragments than [...] cells
Back: (helper) T, (virgin) B
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: What does the lymph carry? (list 3 things)
Back: Some valid answers:
1) dead pathogens
2) dead immune cells
3) cytokines
4) excess fluid
5) fat
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: Without a second activation step, what happens to most virgin B cells?
Back: They kill themselves
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: What is a difference between the way virgin B cells versus dendritic cells antigen present to helper T cells? (list one)
Back: 1. B cells can present many different antigens at once on their surface whereas dendritic cells don't
2. Dendritic cells travel all the way from the battlefield to a lymph node to do the presentation, whereas B cells just pick up antigens in the lymph node and then just do the presentation there(?)
3. Dendritic cells are the ones that kiss the helper T cell, whereas in the B cell case, it's the helper T cell that does the kissing
Notes: note: This is going off the book's descriptions of each antigen presentation. But it's possible that dendritic cells also present lots of antigens all over their body, at least some of the time.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 21.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 21

Front: crucial principle of the immune system: The immune system needs constant stimulation to [...]
Back: stay active
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: crucial principle of the immune system: The immune system needs constant [...] to stay active
Back: stimulation
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 19.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 19

Front: Name for the process where a B cell changes in response to feedback from a helper T cell
Back: somatic hypermutation (also known as affinity maturation)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 22.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 22

Front: What's another name for somatic hypermutation?
Back: affinity naturation
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 22.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 22

Front: What's another name for affinity maturation?
Back: somatic hypermutation
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 22.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 22

Front: Food analogy for somatic hypermutation
Back: Going back into the kitchen during the dinner party to make the dish perfect (instead of merely good or great)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 22.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 22

Front: Which type of immune cell undergoes somatic hypermutation?
Back: B cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 22.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 22

Front: Cooking metaphor: who's the food critic?
Back: Helper T cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 22.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 22

Front: Cooking metaphor: who's the chef?
Back: B cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 22.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 22

Front: Remarkable thing about B cell somatic hypermutation
Back: B cells undergo random mutation and natural selection, which are the two ingredients of evolution. In other words, even within a single human's lifespan, your B cells are undergoing a form of evolution!
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 22.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 22

Front: Why are antibodies so effective at fighting pathogens? (don't just say "because they're part of the adaptive immune system" or "because there are billions of B cell receptor combinations")
Back: They undergo a lot of mutation/selection so that they eventually get fine-tuned specifically for the pathogen at hand
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 22.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 22

Front: What is Somatic Hypermutation? (high level summary)
Back: the process where a B cell changes in response to feedback from a helper T cell
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 22.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 22

Front: What do an increasing number of T cell "kisses" to a B cell's receptor do to the B cell's receptor's specificity for an antigen?
Back: It increases the specificity by promoting changes to the B cell's genetics that encodes the receptor
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 22.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 22

Front: What is the term for the immune process of a B cell becoming increasingly specific to an antigen, through receiving a signal from a helper T cell?
Back: Somatic hypermutation (or affinity maturation)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 22.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 22

Front: During the process of somatic hypermutation, are mutations to a B cell's receptor guaranteed to make it more specific to an antigen?
Back: Not necessarily – it's a random mutation
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 22.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 22

Front: During the process of somatic hypermutation, are mutations to a B cell's receptor that make it more selective to an antigen more likely to ensure the B cell's progression to a plasma B cell?
Back: Yes
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 22.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 22

Front: How are complement proteins and antibodies different? (specificity)
Back: Complement proteins are generalists, while antibodies are specific
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: How are complement proteins and antibodies different? (ability to clump up pathogens)
Back: Antibodies have two "pincers" so they can grab multiple enemies and bind them together, while complement proteins don't seem to be able to do this (they only attack a single enemy)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: Official name for the tiny crab-like proteins that are extremely good at grabbing on to the enemies they were made for
Back: Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: What does it mean for antibodies to "neutralize" a virus?
Back: They prevent the virus from being able to enter your body's cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: How are antibodies able to bind two pathogens together?
Back: Antibodies have two "pincers", so they can grab one pathogen with one pincer and the other with the other pincer
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: the principle of our two immune systems: The innate part does [...], but the adaptive part makes it more efficient with deadly precision.
Back: the actual fighting
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: the principle of our two immune systems: The innate part does the actual fighting, but the adaptive part [...].
Back: makes it more efficient with deadly precision
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: What happens to an antibody's butt once its pincers attach to a pathogen?
Back: The butt changes shape so that your immune cells (in particular, phagocytes) can grab them
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: How do antibodies and complement proteins interact?
Back: Antibodies' butts can activate complement proteins/make it easier for complement proteins to be activated
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: What do IgM antibodies look like?
Back: like five antibodies stuck together at the butt:
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: Which antibody looks like five antibodies stuck together at the butt?
Back: IgM
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: Which organ is the main source of IgM antibodies?
Back: spleen
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: Which types of antibodies are able to pass from the blood of a mother into the blood of an unborn fetus via the placenta?
Back: IgG
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: Which types of antibody are like a bouncer, protecting the entrance doors to your insides?
Back: IgA
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: Which types of antibodies are able to move freely within the mucosa?
Back: IgA
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: Which types of antibodies are in your snot when you have a cold?
Back: IgA
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: What do IgA antibodies look like?
Back: Two antibodies joined at the butt:
Notes: Note: IgA can look like lone antibodies too. Wikipedia says IgA "can be produced as a monomeric as well as a dimeric form". It's just that the "dimer" version of IgA is the most common so the Immune book seems to be simplifying. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_A
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: What does the shape of IgA antibodies mean about how they are able to activate complement proteins?
Back: the butt is what activates complement proteins, so since IgA antibodies are joined at the butt, they cannot activate complement proteins
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: Which types of antibodies cannot activate complement proteins?
Back: IgA
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: Which types of antibodies are provided to a baby through breast milk?
Back: IgA
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: Which types of antibodies are involved in how a mother transfers her immunity to her baby?
Back: IgG (via blood) and IgA (via breast milk)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: Which types of antibodies are involved in allergic reactions?
Back: IgE
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: Which types of antibodies are involved in fighting against parasites like worms?
Back: IgE
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: Which antibodies are shaped like "normal" antibodies – two pincers and a butt?
Back: IgG and IgE
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: How does a B cell know which class of antibodies (i.e., IgM vs IgA vs ...) to make?
Back: the population of B cells continually get new information delivered via the dendritic cell → helper T cell → B cell path and this determines which antibody class is produced by a particular B cell
Notes: note: All B cells start out making IgM antibodies. Then, depending on the signal they get from helper T cells, they switch their antibody class once; but once they switch, they are stuck with that antibody class forever.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: antibodies vs antigens: which ones are Y shaped?
Back: antibodies
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: Another name for antibody
Back: immunoglobulin
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: Another name for immunoglobulin
Back: antibody
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: What can antibodies do to pathogens, outside of neutralizing them?
Back: Stall them, render them unable to reproduce, make them unable to escape from a cell
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
The "make them unable to escape from a cell" one comes from Chapter 32. IgG antibodies can sometimes grab onto viruses as they are coming out of a cell, and natural killer cells can then grab onto the IgG antibodies and order the cell to kill itself.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 32

Front: What happens to the "butts" of antibodies when their pincer is bound to an antigen?
Back: The butt becomes more able to bind to immune cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: Which antibody class is the best at activating the complement system and why?
Back: IgM, which has about 5 "butt" regions to interact with complement proteins
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: Which antibody class is deployed by B cells which are the least refined through the "dance" of the B and T cells?
Back: IgM
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: Which antibody class is the slowest to decay?
Back: IgG
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: Which antibody class has different subclasses that can each activate or be unable to activate the complement system?
Back: IgG
Notes: However, according to Wikipedia, IgA also comes in both the two-headed version as well as a one-headed version, so I suspect the one-headed one can activate complement.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: Do antibodies directly kill pathogens?
Back: No; they can opsonize pathogens, aid in complement opsonizing pathogens, or attract macrophages or neutrophils to phagocytose pathogens, but they don't directly kill pathogens
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: Name this object:
Back: Cilia
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 24.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 24

Front: Name this object:
Back: Epithelial Cell
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 24.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 24

Front: Name this object:
Back: Mucus layer
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 24.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 24

Front: Name this object:
Back: Goblet cell
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 24.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 24

Front: What trade-off must the mucosa make, in terms of how aggressive it is at attacking?
Back: it has to be tolerant enough to allow food, air, and other useful things to pass through, but also strict enough to prevent pathogens from coming through
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 24.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 24

Front: What's the name of the cell that produces mucus?
Back: Goblet cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 24.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 24

Front: How are epithelial skin cells and epithelial mucosal cells similar?
Back: They both serve as the border separating your insides from the outside world – the epithelial mucosal cells are your “inside skin” cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 24.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 24

Front: How are epithelial skin cells and epithelial mucosal cells different?
Back: Example answers:
- Skin cells are stacked many layers, whereas epithelial cells generally aren't (although there are exceptions)
- Epithelial skin cells contain hair follicles whereas epithelial mucosal cells contain cilia
Notes: "For example, the oral epithelium is generally thicker compared to skin, as both palate and buccal mucosa consist of considerably more cell layers and a higher proliferation rate in the basal lamina compared to skin (20–30 versus 5–8 living cell layers, respectively)" from The Bigger Picture: Why Oral Mucosa Heals Better Than Skin.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 24.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 24

Front: What is the term used in the book for the inside lining of the lungs, gut, mouth, respiratory and reproductive tract?
Back: Mucosa
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 24.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 24

Front: What is the term for the middle layer within the intestinal mucosal barrier?
Back: The epithelial layer
Notes: Note: Even though mucus is on top of the epithelial layer, the mucus is not actually considered part of the mucosa, but rather considered to be secreted by the mucosa. "The mucosa is composed of one or more layers of epithelial cells that secrete mucus, and an underlying lamina propria of loose connective tissue. The type of cells and type of mucus secreted vary from organ to organ and each can differ along a given tract." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membrane#Structure
So in order to match up with the book's description better, I decided to use the term "mucosal barrier" which includes the mucus layer. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_mucosal_barrier
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 24.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 24

Front: What substance does the epithelial layer of the mucosa secrete?
Back: Mucus
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 24.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 24

Front: Is mucus a living thing?
Back: No. It is a substance secreted by the epithelia
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 24.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 24

Front: Which structure lines the outside of nasal epithelial mucosal cells?
Back: Cilia
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 24.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 24

Front: What needs to happen for the "butts" of antibodies to change shape and become grabbable by immune cells?
Back: The antibody must itself grab onto an enemy antigen
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 23.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 23

Front: Which substance is first to aid in the process of digestion?
Back: Saliva
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 25.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 25

Front: How many cells thick is the epithelium of the digestive tract?
Back: One cell thick
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 25.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 25

Front: What property distinguishes macrophages that are in your gut from macrophages elsewhere?
Back: Gut macrophages don't produce cytokines so as not to attract neutrophils and cause inflammation
Notes: The book also says that the macrophages in your gut "are really good at swallowing bacteria", but didn't elaborate on why.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 25.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 25

Front: How is the fact that many of the bacteria in stool are still alive significant for gut treatment strategies?
Back: It makes fecal microbiota transplants viable
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 25.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 25

Front: Name for the helpful tenant bacteria in our gut
Back: commensal bacteria
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 25.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 25

Front: What is the third (deepest) layer of the gut mucosal barrier called?
Back: Lamina propria
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 25.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 25

Front: Which layer of the gut mucosal barrier is home to most of the immune system of your gut?
Back: Lamina propria
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 25.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 25

Front: Name for the special type of lymph nodes in your small intestine
Back: Peyer’s patches
Notes: image source: Cogence Immunology course by Samuel Yanuck.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 25.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 25

Front: Name for the "elevator cell" in your small intestine that picks up passengers and transfers them directly into the Peyer’s patch
Back: Microfold cells
Notes: image source: Cogence Immunology course by Samuel Yanuck.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 25.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 25

Front: What does having four pincers (compared to just having two, like a normal antibody) allow IgA to do?
Back: Clump up bacteria better
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 25.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 25

Front: Why is it okay for IgA antibodies in the gut to just clump up enemies instead of killing them?
Back: They will be pooped out anyway
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 25.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 25

Front: What does IgA not having a butt mean about its ability to get help?
Back: It can't activate complement proteins/trigger inflammation
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 25.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 25

Front: Why is it a good thing that IgA in the gut does not activate complement/trigger inflammation?
Back: Inflammation in the gut means extra fluid (i.e. diarrhea) which can be deadly
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 25.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 25

Front: What about the shape of IgA makes it good at clumping up pathogens?
Back: It has four pincers instead of just two
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 25.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 25

Front: Why can't IgA antibodies activate complement proteins?
Back: It doesn't have a "butt" and the butt changing shape is what normally activates complement
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 25.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 25

Front: What fraction of bacteria are still alive when you poop them out?
Back: around half
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 25.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 25

Front: What fraction of your poop consists of bacteria?
Back: 30%
Notes: (We don't know if that's by mass or volume.)
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 25.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 25

Front: Which layer of the gut mucosal barrier are antibodies/defensins located in?
Back: mucus
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 25.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 25

Front: Which layer of the gut mucosal barrier are IgA antibodies located in?
Back: The mucus layer
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 25.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 25

Front: What are similarities between the mucus and the sweat on skin? (list one)
Back: 1) Salty
2) Contains defensins (proteins that can puncture enemies)
Notes: "And mucus is not just a sticky barrier but also filled with unpleasant surprises similar to the desert kingdom [i.e. the skin]: salts, weaponized enzymes that can dissolve the outsides of microbes, and special substances that sort of sponge up crucial nutrients that bacteria need to survive, so they starve to death inside the mucus" (Chapter 24)
"First a layer of mucus filled with antibodies, defensins (we met these before on the skin, the tiny needles that can kill microorganisms), and other proteins that kill or damage bacteria." (Chapter 25)
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 24–25.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 25

Front: Why is it bad for the gut to be inflamed and have extra fluid inside?
Back: Inflammation and fluid buildup can damage the delicate lining of the gut. This can impair nutritional absorption
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 25.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 25

Front: Why is it bad for the human to have an inflamed gut and have extra fluid inside the gut?
Back: This can lead to diarrhea and dehydration, which can be fatal
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 25.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 25

Front: Where do intestinal microfold cells sample from?
Back: The inside of the small intestine
Notes: "To catch these serious enemies as early as possible, your gut has a type of special lymph node called Peyer’s patches that are directly integrated into your intestines. Microfold Cells (the same cells that we briefly met in your tonsils) reach directly into the intestines and take samples of things they think might be interesting for the immune system to take a look at."
image source: Cogence Immunology course by Samuel Yanuck.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 25.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 25

Front: Viruses vs cells: speed of reproduction
Back: viruses reproduce faster than cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 26.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 26

Front: Viruses vs cells: speed of mutation
Back: viruses mutate more quickly than cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 26.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 26

Front: Viruses vs cells: safeguards
Back: viruses don't have safeguards against mutation; cells do
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 26.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 26

Front: Viruses vs cells: size
Back: viruses are smaller
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 26.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 26

Front: Where do the majority of pathogenic viruses enter your body?
Back: via the respiratory mucosa
Notes: note: The book mainly contrasted this to the skin, which is hard for viruses to enter from. However, the book was vague about whether "respiratory mucosa" is just the lungs, or if it's generally the entire mucosal lining from nose/mouth/throat all the way down to the lungs.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 26.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 26

Front: Name for the tiny sacs in the lungs
Back: alveoli (singular: alveolus)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 27.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 27

Front: Alveolar macrophages are extra-[...] macrophages
Back: chill
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 27.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 27

Front: What unique thing do alveolar macrophages do with regard to inflammation?
Back: they tone down inflammation, rather than increase it
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 27.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 27

Front: Why do alveolar macrophages tone down inflammation?
Back: Because the thing you really don’t want in your lungs is fluid
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 27.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 27

Front: Macrophages in the [...] provoke less of an immune response than in the [...] (Substitute: skin, lungs)
Back: lungs, skin
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 27.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 27

Front: Macrophages in the [...] provoke less of an immune response than in the [...] (Substitute: gut, skin)
Back: gut, skin
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 27.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 27

Front: The [...] microbiome is in less of a flux than the [...] microbiome. (Substitute: lung, gut)
Back: gut, lung
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 27.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 27

Front: How many cell layers thick is the epithelia of the gut mucosa?
Back: One cell thick
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 27.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 27

Front: How many cell layers thick is the epithelia of the deepest part of the lungs?
Back: One cell thick
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 27.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 27

Front: What makes viral infections more "sneaky" compared to bacterial infections?
Back: viruses hide within your own body's cells so they are harder to detect
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 28.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 28

Front: What's a way that bacterial infections can be sneaky?
Back: Quorum sensing: bacterial lay low and don't poop while they multiply, then they all wait for a signal and attack at once
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 28.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 28

Front: What part of the virus touches your cell's receptor in order to get inside the cell?
Back: spike protein
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 28.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 28

Front: How to remember the function of interferons
Back: Interferons get their name from "interfere": They are cytokines that are interfering with viruses
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 29.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: What do interferons "interfere" with?
Back: viruses
Notes: (and possibly other pathogens as well, but this is all the book mentioned)
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 29.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: Interferons are a type of c[...]
Back: cytokine
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 29.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: What's an example of something that interferons do?
Back: they tell cells to slow down protein production (which helps because it will slow down the production of viruses)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 29.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: How do your body's cells buy time during a viral attack?
Back: sending out interferons to slow down protein production/making nearby cells more cautious, which slows down the spread of the virus
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 29.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: How does a virus buy time once it starts an infection?
Back: it uses various "attack" proteins to prevent the cell from sending out interferons
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 29.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: Which of the two immune systems are plasmacytoid dendritic cells part of?
Back: innate (just like normal dendritic cells)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 29.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: Name of the cell that is like a traveling smoke detector
Back: Plasmacytoid dendritic cell
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 29.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: What do plasmacytoid dendritic cells do?
Back: They travel around looking for signs of viral infection, and then alert the immune system about any infections they notice
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 29.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: What is usually the earliest sign of a virus infection?
Back: a spike of interferons in your blood (this happens long before any real symptom or the virus itself is detectable)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 29.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: How long does it take (after your first cell is infected by a virus) for plasmacytoid dendritic cells to sound the alarm?
Back: a few hours
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 29.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: What are pyrogens?
Back: chemicals that cause fever
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 29.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: Name for the chemicals that cause fever
Back: pyrogens
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 29.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: Via which organ do pyrogens heat up the body?
Back: the brain: they tell the brain to turn up the heat
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 29.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: How does your brain tell your body to generate more heat?
Back: by inducing shivering
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 29.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: How does your brain tell your body to retain heat?
Back: by contracting the blood vessels close to the surface of your body, which reduces the heat that can escape through your skin
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 29.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: Why do you feel cold when you have a fever?
Back: blood vessels close to the skin are constricted so that less heat escapes through your skin, so your skin is actually colder (even though your core is hotter)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 29.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: Why does heat from a fever hurt viruses but not your own body's cells?
Back: Your own cells are bigger and more sophisticated and have more redundancies and have things like heat shock proteins to protect themselves from higher temperatures
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 29.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: Which kind of cytokines do epithelial cells release upon detecting an invader?
Back: Interferons
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 29.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: Which comes first: interferons released from plasmacytoid dendritic cells OR inflammation triggered by neutrophils?
Back: interferons released from plasmacytoid dendritic cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 29.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: Which comes later: interferons released from plasmacytoid dendritic cells OR inflammation triggered by neutrophils?
Back: inflammation triggered by neutrophils
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 29.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: Interferons have a [...] role in signaling signs of viral infection, compared to their [...] role in actually eradicating the virus. (Substitute: smaller, bigger)
Back: bigger, smaller
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 29.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: When pyrogens signal to the brain that there is an infection, core body temperature goes [...] and peripheral blood vessel diameter goes [...]. (Substitute: down, up)
Back: up, down
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 29.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: Does the color of snot indicate how severe the inflammatory reaction in the body is?
Back: Yes
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. An Aside: The Difference Between the Flu and the Common Cold.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: Does the color of snot indicate the type of infection in the body?
Back: No
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. An Aside: The Difference Between the Flu and the Common Cold.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 29

Front: What's an example of a faulty or abnormal protein that a cancer cell produces?
Back: proteins that are made only when you are an embryo inside your mother’s womb, some of which make it possible for embryonic cells to grow and divide rapidly (which is good for an embryo but bad for an adult)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 30.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 30

Front: What's the name for the molecule that acts like a display window into a cell?
Back: MHC class I molecule
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 30.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 30

Front: What's an analogy for MHC class I molecules?
Back: display window into a cell
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 30.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 30

Front: Can immune cells have MHC class II molecules?
Back: Yes
Notes: e.g. dendritic cells
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 30.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 30

Front: Can immune cells have MHC class I molecules?
Back: Yes
Notes: all cells with a nucleus do, including immune cells
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 30.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 30

Front: Can non-immune cells have MHC class II molecules?
Back: No
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 30.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 30

Front: Can non-immune cells have MHC class I molecules?
Back: Yes
Notes: (every cell with a nucleous has one)
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 30.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 30

Front: Which cells in your body have MHC class I molecules?
Back: Every cell of your body that has a nucleus (so not red blood cells)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 30.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 30

Front: How can interferons interact with MHC class I molecules?
Back: interferons can stimulate cells and order them to make more MHC class I molecules
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 30.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 30

Front: Why is it a good idea for cells to make more MHC class I molecules during a viral infection?
Back: more MHC class I means more windows ⟹ cells are more transparent and tell more of their internal protein story and be more visible to the immune system, so viruses are more likely to be detected
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 30.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 30

Front: When the immune system attacks a donor's organ that one received via organ transplantation, how is one's immune system recognizing this?
Back: via individual variation in MHC class I molecules on the organ's cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 30.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 30

Front: What can be said about killer T cells' receptor diversity?
Back: Killer T cells' diversity is just like that of helper T cells' and B cells'. That is, for every possible antigen, there exists at least one killer T cell with a matching receptor
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 31.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 31

Front: Where are killer T cells educated?
Back: Thymus
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 31.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 31

Front: Which MHC class molecule is needed to activate helper T cells?
Back: II
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 31.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 31

Front: Which MHC class molecule is needed to activate killer T cells?
Back: I
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 31.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 31

Front: Which MHC class molecule is needed to activate natural killer cells?
Back: Neither! It's the absence of MHC class I molecules that a natural killer looks for
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 31/32.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 32

Front: Name for the thing where a dendritic cell simultaneously uses an MHC class II molecule to present to a helper T cell and uses an MHC class I molecule to present to a killer T cell
Back: cross-presentation
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 31.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 31

Front: What does cross-presentation mean in the context of dendritic cells?
Back: It means the dendritic cell simultaneously uses an MHC class II molecule to present to a helper T cell and uses an MHC class I molecule to present to a killer T cell
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 31.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 31

Front: If a dendritic cell uses an MHC class I molecule (the display window) to antigen-present to a killer T cell, what does that mean about whether the dendritic cell has been infected by a virus?
Back: Apparently dendritic cells are special and need not be infected by a virus when they do this (though they also can be infected by a virus)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 31.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 31

Front: Which two types of immune cells that we've learned about so far require two-factor authentication?
Back: B cells and killer T cells
Notes: note: this card may need to be updated as we learn more; however, these were the only ones from the Immune book.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 31.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 31

Front: After a dendritic cell activates a killer T cell, where does the killer T cell get its second authentication?
Back: from a helper T cell
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 31.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 31

Front: If a killer T cell sees a virus antigen on an MHC class I molecule, what does it do?
Back: The killer T cell orders the infected cell (the one presenting the virus antigen) to kill itself cleanly
Notes: note: The book made a big deal about the "cleanly" part, but it wasn't clear on whether a killer T cell-ordered death is any different from "normal" cell apoptosis.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 31.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 31

Front: Why is it important that a virus-infected cell kills itself cleanly?
Back: If a dying cell just burst open, all the viruses inside of it would be released and would go on to infect other cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 31.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 31

Front: When a virus-infected cell undergoes apoptosis, what happens to the viruses within the cell?
Back: they get trapped in tiny packets of cell carcass
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 31.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 31

Front: Name for the process where killer T cells move through the battlefield, checking every cell they meet for infection
Back: serial killing
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 31.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 31

Front: What are similarities between B cells and killer T cells? (List one)
Back: 1) Both are part of the adaptive immune system
2) Both require "2 factor authentication" to become fully activated
3) Both have receptors specific to a single antigen
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 31.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 31

Front: What are similarities between Killer T cells and Helper T cells? (List one)
Back: 1) They are both educated in the thymus
2) They both recognize just one antigen
3) They both require interacting with a dendritic cell to become activated
4) They both clone themselves
5) They both start out as the same type of cell, a virgin T cell
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 31.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 31

Front: What does a helper T cell need to have already done in order to fully activate a killer T cell?
Back: A dendritic cell needs to have antigen presented to the helper T cell
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 31.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 31

Front: Can dendritic cells simultaneously antigen present on their MHC class I and MHC class II molecules?
Back: Yes
Notes: note: This is called cross-presentation.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 31.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 31

Front: Killer T cells : ? : : neutrophils : ? (Substitute: messy, clean)
Back: clean, messy
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 31.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 31

Front: Which of the two immune systems are natural killer cells part of?
Back: innate
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 32.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 32

Front: Which two types of enemies does a natural killer cell hunt down?
Back: cells infected by viruses and cancer cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 32.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 32

Front: What does a natural killer cell check for?
Back: checks whether a cell has an MHC class I molecule (i.e. is it displaying anything at all?)
Notes: Natural killer cells can also check for signs of stress.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 32.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 32

Front: Why is it useful for a natural killer cell to check whether a cell has MHC class I molecules?
Back: many viruses/cancers destroy cells' ability to display things at MHC class I, whereas normal healthy cells always display things at MHC class I, so this is a good way to check for virus infection/cancer
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 32.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 32

Front: What's the Missing-Self Hypothesis?
Back: The idea that while most immune cells look for the presence of other, natural killer cells look for the absence of self
Notes: note: The book did not explain why this idea is called a "hypothesis", rather than a principle or law or whatever.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 32.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 32

Front: What is the natural killer cell's default course of action when it approaches a cell?
Back: to kill the cell
Notes: (natural killer cells only stop when presented with an MHC class I molecule; they assume everyone is "guilty until proven innocent")
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 32.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 32

Front: How can natural killer cells be inhibited?
Back: by putting an MHC class I molecule in its receptor
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 32.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 32

Front: Besides the presence/absence of MHC class I molecules, what else do natural killer cells look for?
Back: signs of stress / "stress signals" on the cell membrane
Notes: (the book does not go into any detail about what these stress signals consist of)
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 32.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 32

Front: What type of cell does malaria infect?
Back: red blood cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 32.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 32

Front: Why is the normal strategy of natural killer cells useless against malaria?
Back: red blood cells don't have MHC class I molecules (they don't have a nucleus! – only cells with a nucleus have MHC I molecules), so there's no way to check for their abnormal absence
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 32.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 32

Front: How do natural killer cells interact with IgG antibodies?
Back: IgG antibodies can sometimes grab onto viruses as they are coming out of a cell, and natural killer cells can then grab onto the IgG antibodies and order the cell to kill itself
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 32.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 32

Front: Natural Killer cells : ? : : Killer T cells : ? (Substitute: non-specific, specific)
Back: Non-specific, specific
Notes: note: Actually, this book doesn't mention it, but innate immune cells can distinguish viruses from bacteria from fungi, as all of these activate different innate immune receptors.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 32.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 32

Front: What is meant by the claim that "scientists stole antibiotics from nature"?
Back: antibiotics are typically natural compounds that microbes use to kill other microbes
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 33+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 33

Front: Why does a mold species produce penicillin?
Back: to protect itself against multiplying bacteria
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 33+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 33

Front: Why does penicillin work against bacteria but is safe for humans to use?
Back: penicillin works on bacterial cell walls, but human cells have membranes instead of walls
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 33+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 33

Front: Many antibiotics attack a [...] in shape between bacterial and human parts.
Back: difference
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 33+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 33

Front: Why aren't there better drugs against viruses?
Back: The way a virus works is that it mimics human body parts so as to get inside human cells, so a drug that attacks a virus will also attack human parts
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 33+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 33

Front: Macrophages and Neutrophils tend to respond ... in the infection than Natural Killer cells (Choose: earlier or later)
Back: Earlier
Notes: "It takes about two to three days until Natural Killer Cells show up and begin to alleviate your desperately fighting immune soldiers."
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 33+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 33

Front: Which structure within host cells can suffer the effects of bacterial ribosome-blocking antibiotics (e.g. tetracycline)?
Back: Mitochondria, because they are descendants of bacteria
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 33+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 33

Front: What are differences between B cells and Killer T cells? (List one)
Back: 1) B cells antigen present using an MHC class II molecule whereas killer T cells don't antigen present
2) A B cell doesn't interface with dendritic cells whereas killer T cells do
3) Killer T cells directly order a cell to die whereas B cells attack by releasing antibodies
4) Killer T cells are educated in thymus, but B cells are educated in the bone marrow
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 31.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 31

Front: Neutrophils : ? : : Killer T cells : ? (Substitute: virus containing, virus leaking)
Back: Virus leaking, Virus containing
Notes: "It is very important how an infected cell kills itself. If the T Cell, for example, used just chemical weapons and threw them around, like the way Neutrophils do it, they would rip their victim open and make them burst. Not only would this release the cell’s guts and insides and cause harsh inflammation reactions, it would also release all the viruses inside the infected cell that have been made until this point."
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 31.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 31

Front: Neutrophils : ? : : Natural killer cells : ? (Substitute: virus containing, virus leaking)
Back: Virus leaking, Virus containing
Notes: "It is very important how an infected cell kills itself. If the T Cell, for example, used just chemical weapons and threw them around, like the way Neutrophils do it, they would rip their victim open and make them burst. Not only would this release the cell’s guts and insides and cause harsh inflammation reactions, it would also release all the viruses inside the infected cell that have been made until this point."
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 31/32.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 32

Front: Natural killer cells : ? : : Killer T cells : ? (Substitute: Presence of MHC I, Contents of MHC I)
Back: Presence of MHC I, Contents of MHC I
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 32.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 32

Front: Killer T cells tend to respond [...] in the infection than natural killer cells (Choose: earlier or later)
Back: Later
Notes: From Chapter 31: "About ten days after you caught the infection in the break room you are still pretty sick. Your immune system has been fighting but it also made you feel horrible in the process and the infection is still going strong. Around this time, the Killer T Cells finally arrive in your infected lung."
From Chapter 33: "It takes about two to three days until Natural Killer Cells show up and begin to alleviate your desperately fighting immune soldiers."
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 33+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 33

Front: The immune system shuts itself off without any [...] planning
Back: central
Notes: Essentially, as stated in previous places in the book, the immune system needs constant stimulation to stay active, so the default course of action is to shut down activity over time, and this is why only local info is needed to implement the shutdown. The only part that's slightly ambiguous is the regulatory cells which seem to be slightly central-authority-ish.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 34.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 34

Front: Which kind of immune cells are "opposite helper T cells"?
Back: Regulatory T cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 34.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 34

Front: List at least one concrete thing that regulatory T cells can do
Back: 1) they can order Dendritic Cells to become worse at activating the Adaptive Immune System
2) they can make Helper T Cells slow and tired, so they don’t proliferate as much
3) they can turn Killer T Cells into much less vicious fighters, shut down inflammation, and make it recede faster
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 34.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 34

Front: In which part of the body are regulatory T cells especially crucial?
Back: the gut
Notes: note: It's possible regulatory T cells are important in other places as well, like maybe the lungs, where you need a concerted effort from the regulatory T cells as well as the supposedly inflammation-dampening alveolar macrophages, but the book didn't mention these things.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 34.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 34

Front: Why are regulatory T cells crucial in the gut?
Back: due to the need to keep around commensal bacteria without your immune system killing them
Notes: note: At one point, I wanted to answer "because you don't want inflammation/too much fluid in your gut" for this card. But regulatory T cells don't directly reduce inflammation; they act on other T cells, not directly on macrophages/neutrophils (which are the main cells that cause inflammation).
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 34.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 34

Front: Where do Long-Lived Plasma Cells live?
Back: bone marrow
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 35+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 35

Front: What do Long-Lived Plasma Cells do?
Back: they constantly produce a moderate amount of antibodies
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 35+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 35

Front: How long do Long-Lived Plasma Cells live?
Back: "months and years"
Notes: (book was kind of vague here and that is all it said)
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 35+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 35

Front: Where do Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells live?
Back: all over the body
Notes: note: this answer is implied by the book but isn't outright stated by it
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 35+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 35

Front: Where do Central Memory T Cells live?
Back: lymph nodes
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 35+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 35

Front: What do Central Memory T Cells produce when they are activated?
Back: Effector T Cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 35+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 35

Front: Where do Effector Memory T Cells live?
Back: they patrol the lymphatic system and your blood
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 35+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 35

Front: What types of immune cells do all memory cells descend from?
Back: B cells and T cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 35+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 35

Front: Where do memory B cells live?
Back: lymph node
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 35+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 35

Front: What is special about the way memory B cells get activated?
Back: they don't require two-factor authentication, i.e. they only need to see an antigen and don't need confirmation from a helper T cell
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 35+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 35

Front: What is special about the specificity of memory B cells' receptors?
Back: Not only do they have specific receptors for particular antigens (just like helper T cells and B cells), but their receptors have also been fine-tuned already from the previous infection, so memory B cell receptors are extremely specific/effective at recognizing the particular antigens
Notes: note: this may actually be true for all memory cells, but the book only said this when it discussed memory B cells
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 35+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 35

Front: What are the two broad reasons memory cells are so quick to activate in fighting pathogens?
Back: 1) shortcuts: they don't need intermediaries like dendritic cells/helper T cells
2) head start in numbers (for any given specific antigen, normal T/B cells for that antigen only exist in small numbers, whereas the memory versions exist in larger numbers)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 35+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 35

Front: Which types of cells does measles specialize in attacking?
Back: T and B Cells, especially memory cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 35+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 35

Front: What is the consequence of the fact that measles attacks memory cells?
Back: your body will lose immunity to a bunch of the diseases it has built specialized defenses for, because the body's "living memory" is destroyed
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 35+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 35

Front: Long-lived plasma cell : ?? : : Memory B cell : ?? (Substitute: Constant supplier, Trigger-happy major supplier)
Back: Constant supplier, Trigger-happy major supplier
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 35+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 35

Front: Central Memory T cells : ?? : : Memory B cell : ?? (Substitute: antibody, Effector T cell)
Back: Effector T cell, antibody
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 35+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 35

Front: Which of the following cells are unresponsive to the presence of antigen?
Long-lived plasma cell
Memory B cell
Back: Long-lived plasma cell
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 35+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 35

Front: Which of the following cells are responsive to the presence of antigen?
Long-lived plasma cell
Memory B cell
Back: Memory B cell
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 35+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 35

Front: Naive B cell : ?? : : Memory B cell : ?? (Substitute: constant recipes, changing recipes)
Back: Changing recipes, constant recipes
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 35+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 35

Front: Long-lived plasma cell [...] whereas memory B cell [...] a restaurant's demand. (Substitute: adapts to, stays constant to)
Back: Stays constant to, adapts to
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 35+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 35

Front: Measles virus tends to attack which of the following?
Dendritic cells
Long-lived plasma cells
Memory B cells
Memory T cells
Macrophages
Back: Long-lived plasma cells, Memory B cells, Memory T cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 35+aside.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 35

Front: Where does "variolation" get its name?
Back: From the word "variola", which is another name for the smallpox virus
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 36.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 36

Front: What was the crucial insight in going from variolation to a proper smallpox vaccine?
Back: Instead of using the smallpox virus to infect people on purpose, use the cowpox virus (which is similar but affects cows instead so is much safer for humans)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 36.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 36

Front: What does IGIV stand for?
Back: ImmunoGlobulin IntraVascular
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 36.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 36

Front: Shortcoming of passive immunization: number of times it works
Back: your body can distinguish foreign antibodies from endogenous antibodies and will produce antibodies to attack the foreign antibodies, which means passive immunization for a single threat may only works once
Notes: note: The book was kind of vague about whether it always fails the second time, or whether it's just less effective.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 36.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 36

Front: Shortcoming of passive immunization: duration of effect
Back: antibodies disappear as they are used up or decay over time, so passive immunization's effects are temporary
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 36.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 36

Front: What are live-attenuated vaccines?
Back: it's a vaccine where a weak but real version of the pathogen is injected
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 36.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 36

Front: In live-attenuated vaccines, how are the viruses weakened?
Back: evolution inside a laboratory: apparently the virus is repeatedly modified and selected for weakness
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 36.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 36

Front: What are inactivated vaccines?
Back: it's a vaccine where the pathogen is killed before being injected
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 36.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 36

Front: In inactivated vaccines, what else must be injected besides the carcasses of the pathogens?
Back: chemicals that highly activate the immune system
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 36.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 36

Front: In inactivated vaccines, why is it necessary to inject the body with chemicals that activate the immune system?
Back: because the pathogen carcasses are so useless that on their own they will not provoke an immune response, so won't lead to the creation of memory cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 36.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 36

Front: What are subunit vaccines?
Back: it's a vaccine where only certain antigens of the pathogen are injected
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 36.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 36

Front: What are mRNA vaccines?
Back: it's a vaccine where you inject the body with mRNA that causes some of your cells to produce viral antigens
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 36.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 36

Front: Which infectious disease was associated with the historical practice of variolation, the practice of artificially inducing immunity?
Back: Smallpox
Notes: Fun fact: Variolation comes from the term variola, which is another term for small pox
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 36.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 36

Front: What is an example of a method of delivering a vaccine to a person? (List one)
Back: 1) Passive: Giving someone antibodies against a pathogen, where those antibodies were created in a different organism
2) Delivering a diluted form of a pathogen: Giving someone a diluted form of a pathogen to not overwhelm the capacity of the person to fight the pathogen while still having enough concentration of pathogen as to develop Memory B and T cells
3) Subunit: Giving someone only part of the antigen that will bind to B and T cells
4) mRNA: Giving someone mRNA fragments which when transcribed, create an antigen mimicking a relevant part of the pathogen, that the body will create Memory B and T cells against
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 36.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 36

Front: What is a common complaint from people who are against vaccines, according to the book?
Back: the chemicals that are used to trigger an immune response (which are an ingredient of many vaccines, as just the viral antigens are not sufficient) are harmful
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 36.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 36

Front: Which type of cell does HIV most specialize in attacking?
Back: Helper T cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 37.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 37

Front: What are the three stages of HIV?
Back: acute, chronic, AIDS
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 37.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 37

Front: Rather than bursting out of a cell and looking for other cells to infect, how can HIV spread?
Back: It can spread directly from immune cell to immune cell using the immune receptors
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 37.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 37

Front: What is a retrovirus?
Back: it's a virus that can inject its own genetic code into human DNA
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 37.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 37

Front: Why does HIV have even more variability/mutation speed compared to normal viruses?
Back: when it copies its genes into the host's, it frequently introduces new errors
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 37.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 37

Front: What does HIV's mutational speed mean about the host's ability to defend against HIV?
Back: it's much harder: it's like having multiple different viruses and continually getting even more viruses to fight against
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 37.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 37

Front: Immediate lethality to cells: How does HIV compare to other viruses?
Back: HIV is not immediately lethal to cells
Notes: "HIV also can lie dormant and do nothing in cells for long periods of time waiting for the right time to become active. When a cell does not multiply, its protein production is in a sort of slow mode, aimed only at sustaining the cell—but when a cell proliferates, these production machineries amplify thousandfolds."
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 37.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 37

Front: Chance of mutation: How does HIV compare to other viruses?
Back: HIV has a higher chance of mutating randomly from copy to copy
Notes: "The genetic code of HIV is extremely prone to copying
errors—on average, every time the virus makes a copy of itself it makes an error. Which means even in a single cell there are numerous different variants of HIV"
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 37.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 37

Front: Level of research done on: How does HIV compare to other viruses?
Back: There has been extensive research on HIV since its recognition in the 1980s. Further, it's thought that the effectiveness of early exposure treatments for it is due more to coordinated research efforts rather than inherent complexity of HIV.
Notes: "It is easy to forget that HIV used to be a new pandemic once and a very shocking and scary one. In 2019 there were still around thirty-eight million infected people around the world. When HIV and AIDS emerged it caused panic in the establishment, leading to an outpouring of resources and attention that was unprecedented."
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 37.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 37

Front: In the context of allergies, what are antigens called?
Back: allergens
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 38.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 38

Front: Where is IgE produced?
Back: (by specialized B cells in the) skin, lungs, and intestines
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 38.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 38

Front: How many stages does allergic hypersensitivity occur in?
Back: two
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 38.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 38

Front: IgE antibodies alone don't cause an allergic reaction. What actually causes the damage?
Back: Mast cells/histamine produced by mast cells (mast cells are activated by IgE)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 38.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 38

Front: What is unusual about IgE antibodies' butts?
Back: They can attach to an immune cell (e.g. mast cell) without being bound to any antigen, i.e. the order of attachment between the butts and pincers can be different
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 38.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 38

Front: Which immune cell comes in while the mast cells are recovering?
Back: basophils
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 38.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 38

Front: Where do eosinophils live?
Back: bone marrow
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 38.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 38

Front: Where do basophils live?
Back: blood
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 38.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 38

Front: [...] produce IgE antibodies to an allergen which attach to [...]
Back: B cells, mast cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 38.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 38

Front: When mast cells run out of energy, [...] step in. Later in the game, [...] release cytokines to activate [...] which cause inflammation.
Back: basophils; basophils and mast cells; eosinophils
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 38.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 38

Front: What is an example of a parasite that is too large for your phagocytes to fight?
Back: worms
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 38.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 38

Front: How are parasitic worms generally transmitted between people?
Back: The vector of transmission is through larvae in feces.  Countries where drinking water may be contaminated with feces have a higher incidence of parasitic worms.
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 39.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 39

Front: What are the "bombs" that the immune system uses to fight off parasitic worms?
Back: Mast cells (primed with IgE antibodies)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 39.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 39

Front: What do parasitic worms do to the immune system?
Back: Worms generally reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 39.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 39

Front: Being [...] worsens the severity of illness from parasitic worms. (Substitute: nourished or malnourished)
Back: Malnourished
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 39.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 39

Front: What makes autoimmune diseases so difficult to deal with? (military analogy)
Back: it's like a country's military attacking civilians: the only organized group of people with real fighting equipment are attacking entities that don't have fighting equipment
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 40.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 40

Front: How can one get unlucky with MHC molecules and autoimmune disease?
Back: your MHC molecules are able to efficiently bind to some self-antigen
Notes: note: I think the book is saying that your MHC can efficiently bind some self-antigen, not that it can generically bind to all of your body's antigens efficiently
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 40.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 40

Front: What kind of "bad luck" makes your MHC molecules able to bind to self-antigen efficiently? (genetic or environmental)
Back: genetic
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 40.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 40

Front: What is molecular mimicry?
Back: it's where a pathogen tries to mimic the shapes of some host antigens so they are less likely to be attacked by the immune system
Notes: note: this is very similar to the idea the book mentioned in the aside about why there aren't better antiviral drugs: viruses are too similar to the host's own proteins
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 40.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 40

Front: What does T cell anergy accomplish?
Back: deactivates T cells that are autoreactive
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 40.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 40

Front: What happens in T cell anergy?
Back: a dendritic cell samples a healthy/normal part of the body to provide context to T cells that everything is fine, so as to deactivate them
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 40.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 40

Front: How an autoimmune disease develops: A genetic tendency needs to exist for [...]
Back: your own MHC molecules to bind your own self-antigen
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 40.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 40

Front: What is a more accurate model of the specificity of a T or B cell's receptor for an antigen?
Back: T or B cells are extremely good at recognizing one specific antigen, but they can also be pretty good at recognizing several other antigens
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 40.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 40

Front: Which type of immune cells serve to maintain an autoimmune disease? (be more specific than "adaptive immune cells")
Back: Memory cells
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 40.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 40

Front: virtually every infectious disease we know today arose in the last [...] years
Back: ten thousand
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 41.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 41

Front: What is an example of an incorrect phrasing of the hygiene hypothesis, according to the text?
Back: That it is a good idea to expose oneself to any and all pathogens in the hopes of thwarting autoimmunity and allergies
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 41.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 41

Front: Which innovation most likely caused the virulence of most of the pathogens that exist today, in humans?
Back: The invention of agriculture
Notes: "As we became farmers and city dwellers our lifestyle changed forever—and so did the diseases that targeted us. Living close together created a perfect breeding ground for infectious diseases."
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 41.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 41

Front: Cancer cells have [...] growth compared to normal cells
Back: Rapid
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 44.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 44

Front: Mutations in genes which normally encourage mutant cells to commit [...], increase the chance of [...]
Back: Apoptosis; cancer
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 44.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 44

Front: Cancer cells lose [...] molecules on their surface, which triggers the attention of natural killer cells
Back: MHC class I
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 44.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 44

Front: Cancer cells can target the [...] on killer T cells and natural killer cells to deactivate them from attacking cells
Back: inhibitor receptors
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 44.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 44

Front: The virus that causes COVID-19 targets the [...] receptor, which are distributed over the epithelial tissue of the [...] and the tissues covering the organs of the body
Back: ACE2; nose and lungs
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 45.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 45

Front: The COVID-19 virus [...] interferons, but [...] inflammation. (Substitute: increases, decreases)
Back: Decreases, increases
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 45.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 45

Front: The virus which causes COVID-19 can be particularly dangerous to the [...] of the body, which are particularly and irreversibly sensitive to the effects of inflammation
Back: lungs
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 45.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 45

Front: What is misleading about the food critic analogy for helper T cells?
Back: The helper T cells aren't actually rating the B cell's receptors
Notes: The helper T cells will happily encourage any B cell as long as the B cell presents an antigen that fits the helper T cell at all. The real selection step is actually happening when the B cell tries to grab antigens – the better it is at grabbing antigens, the more likely it will actually grab one and be able to present it to the helper T cell
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 22.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 22

Front: Cooking metaphor: What's a better analogy for B cell receptors?
Back: Tongs that the B cell chefs use to pick up the ingredients
Notes: note: this analogy is not from the book; I made it up.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 22.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 22

Front: Cooking metaphor: What's a better analogy than "perfecting the dish"?
Back: Perfecting the tongs (making the tongs really good at picking up ingredients)
Notes: note: this analogy is not from the book; I made it up.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 22.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Section: Chapter 22

Front: Somatic hypermutation: where is the real selection happening?
Back: The B cells are doing this to themselves when they try to pick up the antigens (the B cells with better-matching receptors will be able to pick up antigens better)
Notes: note: I had a misconception initially that the helper T cells were the ones "rating" the B cell receptor shapes. But the helper T cells just look for whether any antigen at all is presented to them, and they don't seem to care if it's a "better" antigen or a better receptor for the antigen – it's the same antigen every time, as far as I know.
source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 22.
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Section: Chapter 22

Front: What is wrong with this quote from the Immune book? "How do your B Cell chefs find out if the guests like the enhanced recipe more than the original one, i.e., if their new antibody is a better fit than the original one?"
Back: The B cells aren't finding out that the guests like the recipe more – the guests are insensitive to the antigen that's presented! Instead, the B cells are finding out whether they can cook a dish at all (or maybe more precisely, how quickly they can cook a dish or how many dishes they can cook, neither of which depends on the guests' preferences)
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 22.
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Section: Chapter 22

Front: What makes treating viral infections challenging compared to bacterial infections? (mechanistic: cell communication)
Back: Viruses use the body's own proteins to gain access to cells and "hide out" in the cells. Inhibiting the entry of viruses into cells would thus potentially inhibit normal cell communication.
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 33+aside.
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Section: Chapter 33

Front: What makes treating viral infections challenging compared to bacterial infections? (mechanistic: intracellular machinery)
Back: Viruses aren't "complete" on their own so they make use of the body's own intracellular protein production machinery, so attacking protein production would mean attacking your own cells.
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 33+aside.
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Section: Chapter 33

Front: What makes treating viral infections challenging compared to bacterial infections? (teleological: evolutionary strategy)
Back: The evolutionary strategy of viruses is to try to be very similar to your body's proteins so as to gain access to cells, so it's difficult to make drugs that exploit a difference between the shapes of viruses vs your body's cells.
Notes: source: Philipp Dettmer. Immune: a journey into the mysterious system that keeps you alive. 2021. Chapter 33+aside.
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Section: Chapter 33