[thespike.domain.name.hidden: [GRG] twins ain't twins]

From: Eugen Leitl <eugen.domain.name.hidden>
Date: Wed, 6 Jul 2005 10:20:37 +0200

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From: Damien Broderick <thespike.domain.name.hidden>
Date: Wed, 06 Jul 2005 00:38:22 -0500
To: grg.domain.name.hidden
Subject: [GRG] twins ain't twins
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Reply-To: Gerontology Research Group <grg.domain.name.hidden>


<http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05gene.html?pagewanted=print>Explaining
Differences in Twins
NICHOLAS WADE - The New York Times

Identical twins possess exactly the same set of genes. Yet as they grow
older, they may begin to display subtle differences.

They may start to look different, develop different diseases or slide into
different personalities. Women who are identical twins may differ in their
fertility or in the age at which they reach menopause.

These discrepancies are usually attributed to ill-defined differences in
environment.

But a whole new level of explanation has been opened up by a genetic survey
showing that identical twins, as they grow older, differ increasingly in
what is known as their epigenome. The term refers to natural chemical
modifications that occur in a person's genome shortly after conception and
that act on a gene like a gas pedal or a brake, marking it for higher or
lower activity.

Identical twins have the same set of epigenetic marks on the genome when
they are born. But differences in the epigenome emerge as the twins grow
older and become greater the longer they live apart, say a team of
researchers led by Dr. Manel Esteller of the Spanish National Cancer Center
in Madrid.

Their report appears in today's issue of The Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences.

"This is one of the most fascinating things I have read," said Dr. Nancy
Segal, a psychologist who studies twins at California State University at
Fullerton and the author of "Indivisible by Two," a forthcoming book on
twins. "By giving us a handle on something specific, it opens up many new
avenues of inquiry as to why twins are different."

There are two possible explanations for Dr. Esteller's findings. One is
simply the well- known fact that epigenetic marks are lost as people get
older. Because the marks are removed randomly, they would be expected to
occur differently in two members of a twin pair.

A second possible explanation is that personal experiences and elements in
the environment - including toxic agents like tobacco smoke - feed back
onto the genome by changing the pattern of epigenetic marks.

Dr. Esteller believes he is seeing both processes at work. The evidence for
the second process, he said, is that twins who reported that they had lived
apart the longest also had the greatest differences in their epigenome.

"This is a way for the genome to be responsive to the environment," he
said, noting that it is easier for chemical marks on the genome to change
than for the genome itself to mutate.

His study suggests that the epigenome may be involved in many diseases that
can affect identical twins differently, like schizophrenia, bipolar
disorder and cancer. Although schizophrenia evidently has a genetic
component, the epigenome may hold the clue to its nongenetic aspects.

Differences between identical twins could also help pinpoint the epigenetic
differences that contribute to cancer. "We think that epigenetic changes
are very common in cancer," said Dr. Peter A. Jones, the president of the
American Association for Cancer Research and a professor at the University
of Southern California.

Dr. Jones said Dr. Esteller's finding "is exceptionally interesting in that
it underlines the importance of epigenetic changes in human development and
disease."

Dr. Jones recently convened a workshop to discuss starting an international
human epigenome project. The proposal could rival the Human Genome Project
in complexity because the human genome is the same in every cell of a
person's body, while the epigenome is expected to be different for each of
the 250 or so human cell types.

Among the most important components of the epigenome are small chemical
handles known as methyl groups, which are added directly to the chemical
units of DNA.

A wave of demethylation occurs in a sperm's genome shortly after an egg is
fertilized, followed by the extensive readdition of methyl groups in early
embryonic development.

These methyl groups, which generally inhibit the activity of the genes in
which they occur, tend to be lost during aging. Dr. Esteller's team studied
the total amount of methylation in the twins' genomes, as well as another
kind of epigenetic modification, the addition of acetyl groups to the
histone proteins that act as a scaffolding and as a control system for DNA.

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Eugen* Leitl <a href="http://leitl.org">leitl</a>
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Received on Wed Jul 06 2005 - 04:21:48 PDT

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